Gaulin, S. J. C. & Fitzgerald, R. W. (1989). Sexual selection for spatial-learning ability. Animal Behaviour, 37, 322–331.
+Goy, R. W., Bercovitch, F. B., & McBrair, M. C. (1988). Behavioral masculinization is independent of genital masculinization in prenatally androgenized female rhesus macaques. Hormones and Behavior, 22, 552–571
+Berenbaum, S. A. & Hines, M. (1992). Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences. Psychological Science, 3, 203–206.
+
+Berenbaum, S. A. & Snyder, E. (1995). Early hormonal infl uences on childhood sex-typed activity and playmate preferences: Implications for the development of sexual orientation. Developmental Psychology, 31, 31–42.
+
+Iijima, M., Arisaka, O., Minamoto, F., & Arai, Y. (2001). Sex differences in children’s free drawings: A study on girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 99–104
+
+Servin, A., Nordenström, A., Larsson, A., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Prenatal androgens and gender-typed behavior: A study of girls with mild and severe forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Developmental Psychology, 39, 440–450.
+
+Berenbaum, S. A., Duck, S. C., & Bryk, K. (2000). Behavioral effects of prenatal versus postnatal androgen excess in children with 21-hydroxylase-defi cient congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 727–733.
+
+Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Johnston, K. J., Golding, J., & Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. (2002). Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study. Child Development, 73, 1678–1687.
+
+The boy analogue of the CAH studies—
+Jürgensen, M., Hiort, O., Holterhus, P. M., & Thyen, U. (2007). Gender role behavior in children with XY karyotype and disorders of sex development. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 443–453.
+
+Alexander, G. M. & Hines, M. (2002). Sex differences in response to children’s toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 467–479
+
+Hassett, J. M., Siebert, E. R., & Wallen, K. (2004). Sexually differentiated toy preferences in rhesus monkeys. Hormones and Behavior, 46, 91.
+
+Serbin, L. A., Poulin-Dubois, D., Colburne, K. A., Sen, M. G., & Eichstedt, J. A. (2001). Gender stereotyping in infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-stereotyped toys in the second year. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 7–15.
+
+Benenson, J. F., Liroff, E. R., Pascal, S. J., & Cioppa, G. D. (1997). Propulsion: a behavioural expression of masculinity. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 37–50
+
+Dessens, A. B., Slijper, F. M. E., & Drop, S. L. S. (2005). Gender dysphoria and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 389–397
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intrauterine position in animals that have litters
+Goy et al. gave androgens to pregnant rhesus monkeys at different times in pregnancy. Early administration masculinized genitals. Behavioral masculization along different dimensions varied with timing!
+early admin—more mounting, less grooming
+late admin—more mounting of peers only (not mom), more rough play
+
+> pretty normal variations in hormones are responsible for pretty normal variations in behavior
+
+evolutionary logic to why female default! (I had heard the observation before, but not the deep structural reason)
+> both male and female fetuses are exposed to high levels estrogens from the mother, so if estrogen affected sexual differentiation in utero, then males would be exposed to a substance that would feminize them
+
+CAH girls are a goldmine for studying organizational effects: exposed to androgens prenatally, but not afterwards (there's medication for the disease)
+
+modern CAH studies were very careful: study CAH girls and unaffected sisters, videotape the interaction and have it scored by someone who doesn't know which kid has CAH; also study boys to make sure its the hormones and not the disease
+
+Measured interests several different ways, and it got replicated, including in Japan
+
+> They also say that they wish that their daughters with CAH were less masculine than they are, and, interestingly, that their daughters without CAH were more masculine than they are (Servin, Nordenström, Larsson, & Bohlin, 2003).
+
+and it's linear!!
+
+(authors are not sci-fi fans and use "people" and "human" interchangably)
+> effect in people as it does in other species.
+> When infants look at visual stimuli, boys prefer movement and girls prefer form and color (Serbin, Poulin-Dubois, Colbourne, Sen, & Eichstedt, 2001). In childhood activities, boys use motion more than girls do (Benenson, Liroff, Pascal, & Cioppa, 1997). In drawings, boys tend to draw mechanical and moving objects, use dark and cold colors, and have a bird’s-eye perspective, whereas girls draw human fi gures, fl owers, and butterfl ies, use light and warm colors, and array items in a row on the ground.
+A section on gender ID, oh boy :/
+> androgen does not appear to have a large effect on gender identity,
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projects / Ultimately_Untrue_Thought.git / blobdiff