https://jessesingal.substack.com/p/when-your-epistemic-bubble-pops-unlocked
-Shrier says, "It is not uncommon for young children periodically to express the desire to be the opposite sex" footnote goes to: Zucker Bradley Sanikhani "Sex Differences in Referral Rates of Children With Gender Identity Disorder: Some Hypotheses"
\ No newline at end of file
+Shrier says, "It is not uncommon for young children periodically to express the desire to be the opposite sex" footnote goes to: Zucker Bradley Sanikhani "Sex Differences in Referral Rates of Children With Gender Identity Disorder: Some Hypotheses"
+
+new Zucker article!
+https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/full
+
+https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56601386
+
+https://segm.org/NICE_gender_medicine_systematic_review_finds_poor_quality_evidence
+
+https://acesounderglass.com/2021/04/02/antidepressants-and-medical-uncertainty/
+
+my CAH table is derived from the "Developmental Endocrinology" book in /papers/
+
+"The Magnitude of Children’s Gender-Related Toy Interests Has Remained Stable Over 50 Years of Research"
+https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-01989-8
+
+Degree of religiousness is genetic, but the specific religion is environmental—
+Koenig, L. B., McGue, M., Krueger, R. F., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2005). Genetic and environmentalinfluences on religiousness: Findings for retrospective and current religiousness ratings.Journal ofPersonality,73(2), 471–88. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00316.x.
+
+Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Johnston, K. J., Golding, J., Parents and
+Children Study Team, A. L. S., & the Avon Longitudinal Study of
+Parents and Children Study Team. (2002). Testosterone during preg-
+nancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal,
+population study. Child Development, 73, 1678 –1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00498
+
+Frisén, L., Nordenström, A., Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Holmdahl, G.,
+Janson, P. O., . . . Nordenskjöld, A. (2009). Gender role behavior,
+sexuality, and psychosocial adaptation in women with congenital adrenal
+hyperplasia due to CYP21A2 deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endo-
+crinology and Metabolism, 94, 3432–3439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc
+.2009-0636
+
+Snow, M. E., Jacklin, C. N., & Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Sex-of-child differences in father–child interaction at one year of age. Child Development, 54(1), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129880
+
+Goy, R. W., Bercovitch, F. B., & McBrair, M. C. (1988). Behavioral masculinization is independent of genital masculinization in prenatally androgenized female rhesus macaques. Hormones and Behavior, 22, 552–571.
+
+Lamminmäki, A., Hines, M., Kuiri-Hänninen, T., Kilpeläinen, L., Dunkel, L., & Sankilampi, U. (2012). Testosterone measured in infancy predicts subsequent sex-typed behavior in boys and in girls. Hormones and Behavior, 61(4), 611–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.013.
+
+----
+
+notes from The Pre-School Activities Inventory: A Standardized Assessment of Gender Role in Children by Golombok and Rust
+
+toy pref.s as early at 18 mo. and established by 3 years
+
+How was the PSAI developed? Ask mothers to identify 10 aspects of sex-typical behavior, and 10 aspects of somewhat sex-atypical behavior. That was 153 items, which got pruned to 90 (10 masc/fem/neutral per toys/activity/temperment). The 90 item version got piloted on a sample, then do item analysis to maximize within-sex variance while only choosing items that discriminated among the sexes
+
+question: what is the theoretical justification for maximizing variance?—maybe it's that (as mentioned later), can measure differences within girls and within boys. Confirmed in a later paper ("Developmental Trajectories"): "During the construction of the PSAI, items that, while discriminating between the sexes, failed to differentiate between masculine and feminine boys, or between masculine and feminine girls, were excluded."
+
+pooled test-retest reliabiliy (after 1 year) .64
+
+validity: ask daycare teachers to rate boyishness/girlishness, and correlate with mother's PSAI responses: 0.48 for girls, 0.37 for boys
+
+samples from UK, Netherlands, and Minnesota
+
+table 5: d by age
+
+30-35. (59.70-39.74)/((9.72+9.84)/2) d= 2.0408997955010224
+36-47 (3 y.o.) (60.58-39.38)/((9.91+9.68)/2) d= 2.1643695763144457
+48-59 (4 y.o.) (60.14-40.62)/((10.94+11.03)/2) d= 1.7769685935366413
+60-71 mo. (5 y.o.) (59.2-40.03)/((10.36+10.09)/2) d= 1.8748166259168706
+
+----
+
+notes from Childhood Gender-Typed Behavior and Adolescent Sexual Orientation: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study by Li, Kung, and Hines
+
+retrospective studies (as reviewed by Bailey & Zucker) find that gay adults remember nonconforming behavior as children, but those might be biased by memory
+
+Rieger, Linsenmeier, Gygax, and Bailey (2008) collected home videos and got independent raters—same result
+
+then there's gender clinical referals
+
+there had only been one other prospective study
+
+retrospective and clinical samples have limitations
+
+this paper is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children that recruited English families in '92, 7K each of girls and boys
+
+caregivers evaluated the PSAI at 2.5, 3.5, and 4.74
+
+computing d values from Table 1—
+2.5 years: (59.87-40.99)/((8.46+8.24)/2) = 2.261077844311376
+3.5 years: (61.54-37.08)/((8.69+9.31)/2) = 2.717777777777778
+4.75 years: (63.42-35.28)/((8.78+9.51)/2) d = 3.0770913067249865
+
+GNC and gay were _monotonically_ related; there are similar findings about CAH
+
+-----
+
+notes from Developmental trajectories of sex-typed behavior in boys and girls: A longitudinal general population study of children aged 2.5–8 years. by Golombok, Rust, et al.
+
+another paper based on the Avon Longitudinal Study. Modified "Children's Activities Inventory" administered at age 8.
+
+CAI is completed by the child
+
+sex-typical toddlers grow up to be sex-typical children
+
+-----
+
+notes from Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J. "Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children". http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00498
+
+T and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in pregnant women
+
+T but not globulin were linearly related to gender behavior in girls, but not boys; other obvious factors (brothers, father presence, maternal education) didn't make a difference
+
+----
+
+notes from "Is it a he or a she? Behavioral and computational approaches to sex categorization"
+
+d'= 3 for adults, d'= 0.36 for infants
+
+d' from signal detection theory is basically the same thing as Cohen's d
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_index
+
+-----
+
+notes from "Recognition and Sex Categorization of Adults' and Childrens' faces", Wild et al.
+
+younger children (1st grade) couldn't sex child (7-10 y.o.) faces (without hair &c. cues), but older children and adults could with some accuracy
+
+people's tendency to guess male might be due to a higher cost of mistaking M for F?!
+
+-----
+
+notes from "Genital Knowledge and Gender Constancy" by the immortal Sandra Bem
+
+Sebley–Frey questions: "If you wore [opposite-sex] clothes, would you be a girl or a boy?", "If you played [opposite-sex] games, would you be a girl or a boy?", "Could you be a [opposite sex] if you wanted to be?"
+
+(Modern progressives fail these!!)
+
+In less artificial contexts (actually photograph a classmate), 3-5 year olds get it right: Miller 1984
+
+-----
+
projects / Ultimately_Untrue_Thought.git / blobdiff